Fig. 1.1

Biogeographic regions. Twelve realms of the Marine Ecoregions of the World (MEOW) apply from intertidal to slope depths (0–2000 m depth) and are: Arctic; Temperate Northern Atlantic; Tropical Atlantic; Temperate Northern Pacific; Western Indo-Pacific; Central Indo-Pacific; Eastern Indo-Pacific; Tropical Eastern Pacific; Temperate South America; Temperate Southern Africa; Temperate Australasia; and Southern Ocean (Spalding et al. 2006 for detail). Numbers in circles refer to the 14 Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed (GOODS) lower bathyal provinces (800–3000 m depth) as follows: 1, Arctic; 2, Northern N Atlantic; 3, Northern N Pacific; 4, N Atlantic; 5, SE Pacific ridges; 6, New Zealand/Kermadec; 7, Cocos Plate; 8, Nazca Plate; 9, Antarctic; 10, Subantarctic; 11, Indian; 12, W Pacific; 13, S Atlantic; 14, N Pacific (UNESCO 2009 for detail).