Summary:
Examples of morphological differences used for the identification of sex: (A) males of the glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon have a protruding humoral spine; (B) females of Polypedates otilophus are much larger than males, making sexual differentiation of adults possible using size alone; (C) male giant burrowing frogs, Heleioporus australiacus, exhibit large nuptial spines on their fore fingers during the breeding season; and (D) a male bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, has a tympanum much larger in diameter than that of a female. The large size does not change seasonally, allowing for year-round identification of sex. Photo credits: E. Lassiter (A); J. Reardon (B); L. Linhoff (C–D).
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