Fig. 5.2

Examples of crop species arrangements for balancing resource use, competition and production. (a) Relay intercropping arrangements for maize and soybean (CC BY 4.0; Fan et al. 2018). (b–d) Relay intercropping of maize and wheat (b), maize and pea (c) and maize and soybean with agroforestry among edge of fields (d). (Reproduced with permission from Yin et al. (2020).) (e) Traditional alley cropping of cereals and walnut (CC BY 4.0; Udawatta et al. 2019). (f) Three arrangements of agroforestry polyculture systems with multilayer structures (i.e. the arrangement and pairing of tall- and medium-height trees, fruit-bearing shrubs and forages/grain crops).