Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies:

Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies

By CAJ Paulson
Edited by RA Durie, P McMullan, AY Smith, DJ Williams
Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies
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The control of greenhouse gas emissions continues to be a major global problem. It is inter-disciplinary, both in substance and approach, and covers technical, political and economic issues involving governments, industry and the scientific community.

These proceedings contain 220 papers presented at the 5th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-5) held in August 2000 at Cairns, Queensland, Australia.

The papers cover the capture of carbon dioxide, geological storage of carbon dioxide, ocean storage of carbon dioxide, storage of carbon dioxide with enhanced hydrocarbon recovery, utilisation of carbon dioxide, other greenhouse gases, fuel cells, alternative energy carriers, energy efficiency, life cycle assessments and energy modelling, economics, international and national policy, trading and accounting policy, social and community issues, and reducing emission from industry and power generation.

  1. Page v
    Foreword
  2. Page xix
    Organising and Programme Committee Members
  3. Page 1
    Opening Session Papers
    1. Page 3
      Opening Address
      By Dr. K. Thambimuthu
    2. Page 5
      Opening Speech
      By W. Entsch
  4. Page 9
    Plenary Sessions Papers
    1. Page 11
      The Science of Climate Change: An Update
      By J.W. Zillman
    2. Page 22
      Sustaining Sustainability: Technology
      By G. Boyce
    3. Page 28
      Energy in the 21st Century: The Role of GHG Control Technologies
      By B Eliasson
    4. Page 31
      Climate Policy, CO2 Storage and Public Perception
      By W.J. Lenstra and B.C.W Van Engelenburg
    5. Page 40
      Harnessing Technology to Achieve Sustainability
      By D. Davis and J. Burgess
    6. Page 46
      The Role of Carbon Management Technologies in Addressing Atmospheric Stabilization of Greenhouse Gases
      By J.A. Edmonds, P. Freund and J.J. Dooley
    7. Page 52
      The Role of Carbon Sequestration in the Longer Term Energy Future
      By R.A. Bajura
    8. Page 59
      A Policy Framework for Sustainable Energy
      By P. Harrington
    9. Page 70
      Technology for Sustainable Energy – A CSIRO Perspective
      By J. Wright and C.D. Mitchell
  5. Page 85
    Capture of CO2
    1. Page 87
      International Test Centre for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capture
      By M. Wilson, P. Tontiwachwuthikul (paitoon@uregina.ca) and A. Chakma (amit.chakma@uregina.ca)
    2. Page 91
      Leading Options for the Capture of CO2 at Power Stations
      By H. Audus (harry@ieagreen.demon.co.uk)
    3. Page 97
      Natural Gas Fired Power Cycles with Integrated CO2 Capture
      By O. Bolland, H. Undrum and M. Myhre-Nielsen
    4. Page 103
      Existing Coal Power Plant Retrofit CO2 Control Options Analysis
      By D.R. Simbeck and M. McDonald
    5. Page 109
      Simulation of CO2 Capture for an Existing Pulverized Coal Power Plant
      By O. Singh, E. Croiset, P. Douglas, X. Feng, M. Douglas, D.-J. Kilpatrick and K. Thambimuthu
    6. Page 115
      Gas Treating Using Membrane Gas/Liquid Contactors
      By O Falk-Pedersen, H. Dannstrom, M. Grønvold, D.-B. Stuksrud and O. Rønning
    7. Page 121
      The Kvaerner Membrane Contactor: Lessons from a Case Study in How to Reduce Capture Costs
      By H. Herzog and O. Falk-Pedersen
    8. Page 126
      Study on Hybrid Process Combining Gas Membrane and PSA for Carbon Dioxide Purification
      By J. Min, K. Moon, Y.K. Park, Y. Kim, Y. Suh and D. Chang
    9. Page 132
      Economical Carbon Dioxide Recovery for Sequestration from a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Plant
      By WK. Heidug, M.R. Haines and K. Li
    10. Page 138
      Development and Application of Flue Gas Carbon Dioxide Recovery Technology
      By T. Mimura, K. Matsumoto, M. Iijima and S. Mitsuoka
    11. Page 143
      Economics and Cost Studies of Energy Efficient Solvents and Cogeneration Process for CO2 Separation From Flue Gas Streams
      By R. Idem, P. Tontiwachwuthikul, A. Chakma, D. Demontigny, J. Jitjaroenchai, A. Veawab and A. Aroonwilas
    12. Page 149
      High Temperature CO2 Removal Technique Using Novel Solid Chemical Absorbent
      By T. Ohashi, K. Nakagawa, M. Kato, S. Yoshikawa and K. Essaki
    13. Page 155
      Capture of CO2 Using Water Scrubbing
      By S. Goldthorpe and J. Davison
    14. Page 161
      Study on CO2 Removal Technology from Flue Gas of Thermal Power Plant by Combined System With Pressure Swing Adsorption and Super Cold Separator
      By Y. Takamura, Y. Mori, H. Noda, S. Narita, A. Saji and S. Uchida
    15. Page 167
      Economical Assessment of Natural Gas Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant With CO2 Capture and Sequestration
      By H. Undrum, O. Bolland and E. Aarebrot
    16. Page 173
      Economic Evaluation of Capture and Sequestration of CO2 from Australian Black Coal-Fired Power Stations
      By N.C. Dave, G.J. Duffy, J.H. Edwards and A. Lowe
    17. Page 179
      A Study on the Capture of Carbon Dioxide from a Large Refinery Power Station Boiler by Conversion to Oxyfuel Operation
      By M.B. Wilkinson, J.C. Boden, R.S. Panesar and R.J. Allam
    18. Page 185
      Simulation of Coal Combustion in a High CO2 and O2 Environment
      By E.H. Chui, E. Croiset and K.V Thambimuthu
    19. Page 193
      Update of New Power Plant CO2 Control Options Analysis
      By D. Simbeck
    20. Page 199
      Carbon Dioxide Reduced Processes
      By F. Svensson (fredrik.svensson@ffa.se) and T. Torisson (tord.torisson@vok.lth.se)
    21. Page 205
      Possibility of Using Iron Oxide as an Oxygen Carrier for Combustion of Methane with Removal of CO2 – Application of Chemical-Looping Combustion
      By T. Mattisson, A. Lyngfelt and P. Cho
    22. Page 211
      An Investigation of Solvent Stability in Amine Based Systems Used to Capture CO2
      By T. Supap, A. Aroonwilas, A. Veawab, A. Chakma, P. Tontiwachwuthikul and B.D. Kybett
    23. Page 217
      CO2 – MEA Absorption in Packed Columns: Comprehensive Experimental Data and Modelling Results
      By A. Aboudheir, P. Tontiwachwuthikul and A. Chakma
    24. Page 223
      Oxygen Enhanced Combustion Strategies for CO2 Capture Using Natural Gas as a Fuel
      By Y. Tan, M.A. Douglas, E. Croiset and K. Thambimuthu
    25. Page 229
      Comparisons of CO2-Reducing Alternatives for Heat and Power Generation: CO2-Capture and Fuel Shift to Biomass
      By B. Wahlund, J. Yan and M. Westermark
    26. Page 235
      Effect of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) on the Water Characteristic Curves of a Sandy Layer for Arid Land Forestation
      By M. Wakatsuki, A. Yamasaki and Y. Yanagisawa
  6. Page 241
    Geological Storage of CO2
    1. Page 243
      CO2 Sequestration in Oil Reservoirs – A Monitoring and Research Opportunity
      By M. Wilson, R. Moberg, B. Stewart and K. Thambimuthu
    2. Page 248
      The CO2 Capture Joint Industry Project
      By G. Hill, B. Moore and M. Weggeland
    3. Page 254
      The GEODISC Program: Research into Geological Sequestration of CO2 in Australia
      By A. Rigg and J. Bradshaw
    4. Page 260
      The GESTCO Project: Assessing European Potential for Geological Storage of CO2 from Fossil Fuel Combustion
      By N.P. Christensen
    5. Page 266
      Options for Establishing a North Sea Geological Storage Hub
      By A.A. Espie
    6. Page 272
      Progress in Understanding the Potential Role of CO2 Storage
      By P. Freund
    7. Page 278
      Sequestration of CO2 in Depleted Oil & Gas Fields: Global Capacity, Costs and Barriers
      By S.H. Stevens, V.A. Kuuskraa and J. Gale
    8. Page 284
      The Transform of the Geological Space into the CO2-Phase Space: A Step Toward the Identification of CO2 Storage Capacity of Sedimentary Basins
      By S. Bachu
    9. Page 290
      Reservoir Engineering Issues in the Geological Disposal of Carbon Dioxide
      By J. Ennis-King and L. Paterson
    10. Page 296
      Underground Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide in Tectonically Active Area
      By Y. Kaya, H. Koide, S. Nakaya, T. Ohsumi, K. Takita and S. Yoshimura
    11. Page 299
      Comparison of Three Options for Geologic Sequestration of CO2 – A Case Study for California
      By S.M. Benson (510-486-5875.smbenson@lbl.gov)
    12. Page 305
      Monitoring of CO2 Sequestration Using Integrated Geophysical and Reservoir Data
      By G.M. Hoversten (gmhoversten@lbI.gov) and L.R. Myer (Irmyer@lbI.gov)
    13. Page 311
      Geological CO2 Disposal: Understanding the Long Term Fate of CO2 in Natural Occuring Accumulations
      By S.J. Baines and R.H. Worden
    14. Page 317
      McElmo Dome and St. Johns Natural CO2 Deposits: Analogs for Geologic Sequestration
      By S.H. Stevens, C.E. Fox and L.S. Melzer
    15. Page 322
      CO2 Storage in Solid Form: A Study of Direct Mineral Carbonation
      By W.K. O’Connor, D.C. Dahlin, R.P. Walters and P.C. Turner
    16. Page 328
      From Suitability to Ultimate Capacity: A Roadmap for Assessing Sedimentary Basins and Selecting Sites for CO2 Storage in Geological Media
      By S. Bachu
    17. Page 334
      Applications of Neutral Barrier Technology for Greenhouse Gas Containment
      By C.L. Waring (clw@ansto.gov.au) and J.R. Taylor (Jeff.Taylor@earthsystems.com.au)
    18. Page 337
      The GEO-SEO Project
      By S.M. Benson (smbenson@lbl.gov) and L. Myer
    19. Page 343
      A New CO2 Disposal Process Using Artificial Rock Weathering
      By M. Kakizawa, A. Yamasaki and Y. Yanagisawa
    20. Page 349
      The Utsira Sand, Central North Sea – An Assessment of its Potential for Regional CO2 Storage
      By R.A. Chadwick, S. Holloway, G.A. Kirby, U. Gregersen and P.N. Johannessen
    21. Page 355
      How Will Reservoir and Caprock React with Injected CO2 at Sleipner? Preliminary Evidence from Experimental Investigations
      By J.M. Pearce, I. Czernichowski-Lauriol, C.A. Rochelle, N. Springer, E. Brosse, B. Sanjuan, K. Bateman and S. Lanini
    22. Page 360
      Prediction of Migration of CO2 Injected into an Underground Depository: Reservoir Geology and Migration Modelling in the Sleipner Case (North Sea)
      By P. Zweigel, M. Hamborg, R. Arts, A. Lathe, Ø. Sylta and A. Tømmerås
    23. Page 366
      Geophysical Methods for Monitoring Marine Aquifer CO2 Storage – Sleipner Experiences
      By R. Arts, I. Brevik, O. Eiken, R. Sollie, E. Causse and B. Van Der Meer
    24. Page 372
      Prediction of CO2 Distribution Pattern Improved by Geology and Reservoir Simulation and Verified by Time Lapse Seismic
      By E. Lindeberg, P. Zweigel, P. Bergmo, A. Ghaderi and A. Lathe
    25. Page 378
      Prediction of Migration of CO2 After Injected in a Saline Aquifer: Reservoir History Matching of a 4D Seismic Image with a Compositional Gas/Water Model
      By L.G.H. Van Der Meer, R.J. Arts and L. Peterson
    26. Page 385
      Regional and Site-Specific Hydrogeologic Constraints on CO2 Sequestration in the Midwestern United States Saline Formations
      By N. Gupta, P. Wang, B. Sass, P. Bergman and C. Byrer
    27. Page 391
      Experimental Evaluation of Chemical Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide in Deep Saline Formations
      By B. Sass, N. Gupta, J. Ickes, P. Bergman and C. Byrer
  7. Page 397
    Ocean Storage of CO2
    1. Page 399
      Update on the International Experiment on CO2 Ocean Sequestration
      By H. Herzog, E. Adams, M. Akai, G. Alendal, L. Golmen, P. Haugan, S. Masuda, R. Matear, S. Masutani, T. Ohsumi and C.S. Wong
    2. Page 405
      Public Outreach Effort for CO2 Ocean Sequestration Experiment
      By P. Bergman, M. Busbee, L. Lorenzi, S. Matutani, F. Matsuda, L. Neill, G. Nihous, D. Tamas and N. Yokota
    3. Page 411
      Application of a Double Plume Model to Compute Near Field Mixing for the International Field Experiment on CO2 Ocean Sequestration
      By B.C. Crounse, E.E. Adams, S.A. Socolofsky and T.H. Harrison
    4. Page 417
      A Numerical Prediction on Plume Structure of Liquid LCO2 in the Ocean – A Near Field Model
      By B. Chen, S. Masuda, M. Nishio, S. Someya and M. Akai
    5. Page 423
      Simulation Experiment of CO2 Storage at 3600m Deep Ocean Floor
      By I. Aya, K. Yamane and R. Kojima
    6. Page 429
      A Generic Modelling System for Ocean Storage of CO2
      By G. Alendal and H. Orange
    7. Page 435
      Stability of CO2 in Different Phases Related to Ocean Storage
      By B. Kvamme
    8. Page 440
      Assessing Change in CO2 Chemistry in Seawater in a Proposed International CO2 Ocean Sequestration Experiment
      By C.S. Wong, L. Miller, K. Johnson, M. Arychuk, M. Davelaar, J. Page, T. Soutar and P. Tishchenko
    9. Page 446
      Ocean Nourishment in the Humbolt Current
      By I.S.F. Jones
    10. Page 451
      Enhancement of Oceanic Uptake of Anthropogenic CO2 by Macro-nutrient Fertilisation
      By R.J. Matear and B. Elliott
    11. Page 457
      Ocean Dispersion of CO2 from a Moving Ship Source
      By R. Dewey, G. Stegen and M. Ozaki
    12. Page 463
      A Benign Form of CO2 Sequestering in the Ocean
      By D. Golomb and A. Angelopoulos
    13. Page 469
      Ocean CO2 Sequestration Efficiency from 3-D Ocean Model Comparison
      By J.C. Orr, O. Aumont, A. Yool, K. Plattner, F. Joos, E. Maier-Reimer, M.-F. Weirig, R. Schlitzer, K. Caldeira, M. Wickett and R. Matear
    14. Page 475
      Numerical Simulation of Dilution Process in CO2 Ocean Sequestration
      By T. Sato and T. Hama
    15. Page 481
      Formation of Liquid CO2 Droplets and Jets with Deformation and Growth of Hydrate Film
      By S. Hirai, R. Takamatsu, Y. Tabe and K. Suzuki K. Okazaki
    16. Page 487
      CO2 Ocean Sequestration Project in RITE
      By S. Masuda
    17. Page 492
      Two Types of Strength Abnormality of CO2 Hydrate Membrane
      By K. Yamane, I. Aya, R. Kojima and H. Nariai
    18. Page 499
      Combining Ocean Sequestration of CO2 and OTEC; A Win-Win Solution?
      By L.G. Golmen and S.M. Masutani
    19. Page 505
      Oceanographic Criteria for Selecting Future Sites for CO2 Sequestration
      By A. Sundfjord, G. Alendal, P. M. Haugan and L. Golmen
    20. Page 511
      Responses of Marine Biological Communities to Different Concentration of CO2 in a Mesocosm Experiment
      By M. Sugimori, K. Takeuchi, M. Ozaki, Y. Fujioka and J. Ishizaka
    21. Page 517
      Previews of CO2 Injection System for CO2 Ocean Sequestration
      By Y. Nakajima and Y. Kawagoe
    22. Page 523
      Replacing Methane with CO2 in Clathrate Hydrate: Observations Using Raman Spectroscopy
      By T. Uchida, S. Takeya, T. Ebinuma and H. Narita
  8. Page 529
    Storage of CO2 with Enhanced Hydrocarbon Recovery
    1. Page 531
      Site Ranking for CO2-Enhanced Coalbed Methane Demonstration Pilots
      By S. Wong, W.D. Gunter and J. Gale
    2. Page 537
      A Modelling of Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Coalbeds: A Numerical Challenge
      By D.H.-S. Law, L.G.H. Van Der Meer, M.J. Mavor and W.D. Gunter
    3. Page 543
      Economics of Flue Gas Injection and CO2 Sequestration in Coalbed Methane Reservoirs
      By S. Wong, W.D. Gunter, D. Law and M.J. Mavor
    4. Page 549
      CO2-Storage / ECBM Production Scenarios for the Campine Basin (Belgium)
      By R. Dreesen, P. Van Tongeren, B. Laenen, M. Dusar and K.H. Wolf
    5. Page 555
      CO2-Sequestration in The Netherlands: Inventory of the Potential for the Combination of Subsurface Carbon Dioxide Disposal with Enhanced Coalbed Methane Production
      By F. Van Bergen, H.J.M. Pagnier, B.M. Krooss and L.G.H. Van Der Meer
    6. Page 561
      CO2-Sequestration in The Netherlands. CO2 Injection and CH4-Production as Related to the Dutch Situation: Laboratory Experiments and Field Simulations
      By K.-H.A.A. Wolf, O.H. Barzandji, W Bertheux and H. Bruining
    7. Page 567
      Transporting Carbon Dioxide Recovered from Fossil-Energy Cycles
      By R.D. Doctor, J.C. Molburg and N.F. Brockmeier
    8. Page 572
      Unminable Coals in Eastern U.S. Basins: Potential Reservoirs for Sequestering Carbon Dioxide
      By C.W Byrer and H.D. Guthrie
    9. Page 578
      Subsurface Biogeochemical Carbon Recycling: CO2-EGR with Microbial Methanogenesis in Geochemically Sealed Aquifers
      By H. Koide
    10. Page 583
      CO2-Sequestration in the Netherlands: Feasibility and Techno-Economic Evaluation of Coalbed Methane Production Combined with CO2-Storage – Preliminary Results
      By A. Faaij, C. Hamelinck, W. Turkenburg, D. Jansen and G.J. Ruijg
    11. Page 589
      CO2 Sequestration. in an Unminable Coalbed – San Juan Basin, Colorado, USA
      By D. Erickson and J.R. Jensen
    12. Page 593
      Geological Sequestration of CO2 in Coal Seams: Reservoir Mechanisms Field Performance and Economics
      By S.R. Reeves and L. Schoeling
    13. Page 599
      Role of Pore Structure in the Storage of Flue Gases in Coal Seams
      By M. Valix and K. Thambimuthu
  9. Page 605
    Utilisation of CO2
    1. Page 607
      Bench Scale Study of the Characteristics of the Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO2
      By M. J. Choi, H.-K. Kim, S.-B. Lee, J.-S. Kim, S.-S. Nam and K.-W. Lee
    2. Page 613
      Conversion of CO2 and Methane to Synthesis Gas Over Nickel Catalysts Supported on New Laponite Pillared Clays
      By K.-S. Hwang, H.Y. Zhu and G.Q. (Max) Lu
    3. Page 619
      Carbon Stored in Materials and Products in Case of Non-Energy Use of Fossil Fuels: Problems and Approaches to Assessment of Related CO2 Emissions
      By I. Gritsevich
    4. Page 624
      Artificial Photosynthesis to Redress the Global Carbon Dioxide Balance?
      By J.J. Lowke, A.F. Collings, V. Braach-Maksvytis, R. Pace, J. Andrews and B. Osmond
    5. Page 629
      Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene Over Supported Iron Oxide by Using CO2 as an Oxidant
      By J.-S. Chang, J.-N. Park, J. Noh, K.-W Jun and S.-E. Park
    6. Page 635
      CO2 Reforming of CH4 Over Ni Catalysts Prepared by Solid Phase Crystallization Method
      By K. Takehira and T. Shishido
    7. Page 640
      Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emission: A Conceptual Approach
      By R.K. Khullar and P. Khullar
    8. Page 648
      Clean Fuels from CO2 Rich Syngas
      By K.-W. Lee, S.-B. Kim, K.-W. Jun and M.-J. Choi
    9. Page 653
      Synthesis of Organic Carbonates Based on CO2 as Raw Material
      By M. Aresta and A. Dibenedetto
    10. Page 659
      Reuse of CO2 in the Cement Industry: A Production-Integrated Environmental Protection
      By P. Gronchi, P. Centola, A. Kaddouri and R. Del Rosso
  10. Page 665
    Other Greenhouse Gases
    1. Page 667
      Methane Marginal Abatement Curves for Major Emitting Countries: Preliminary Results
      By F.C. de la Chesnaye, E. Scheehle and R.P. Harvey
    2. Page 676
      Abatement of Emissions of Other Greenhouse Gases Nitrous Oxide
      By J. Gale, A. Sankovski and L. Crook
    3. Page 679
      The Emission Flux and Mitigation Options for N2O and CH4 Under Different Rotation Systems in Central China
      By G. Liping, L. Erda and L. Zhongpei
    4. Page 685
      Evaluation of Reduction Options for Emissions of HFCs, PFCs and SF6
      By J. Harnisch, C.A. Hendriks and D. de Jager
    5. Page 691
      Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Great Artesian Basin Within New South Wales: Potential for Reducing the Atmospheric Carbon Budget
      By R.J. Pallasser and D. Alder
    6. Page 697
      Reduction of the Greenhouse Impact from Fugitive Methane at Australian Coal Mines
      By C. W. Mallett, M. Wendt and M. Mark
    7. Page 703
      Catalytic Flow Reversal Reactor/Gas Turbine Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Technology
      By B. King, D. Traves and D.K. Blamire
    8. Page 709
      High Potential Energy from Dilute Methane Emissions
      By H. Sapoundjiev
    9. Page 715
      Coal Mine Greenhouse Gas Mitigation through Utilisation of Waste Coal
      By M. Wendt and C. Mallett
    10. Page 721
      Effect of Adsorption Pressure on Methane Purity During PSA Separations of CH4/ N2 Mixtures
      By K. Warmuzinski and W. Sodzawiczny
  11. Page 727
    Fuel Cells
    1. Page 729
      Potential of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) Based Cycles in Low- CO2 Emission Power Generation
      By S. Campanari and P. Chiesa
    2. Page 735
      Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) for CO2-Reduced Decentral Cogeneration
      By I. Romey, D. Behrens and S. Schmitz
    3. Page 741
      Fuel Cell Technology in Africa: A Catalyst to Avoid Emission of Greenhouse Gases
      By J. Asamoah
    4. Page 744
      Greenhouse Impact of Biomass-Based Methanol Use in Fuel Cell Vehicles
      By M. Ohlström, J. Laurikko, T. Mäkinen and R. Pipatti
  12. Page 751
    Alternative Energy Carriers
    1. Page 753
      Climate Neutral, Sustainable Liquid and Gaseous Energy Carriers: Integrated Assessment and a Scheme for Implementation
      By A. Faaij, W. Turkenburg and E. Van Den Heuvel
    2. Page 759
      True Zero-Emission Vehicles: Hydrogen Fuelled Ships With Carbon Management
      By D.W. Keith, A. Farrell and J.J. Corbett
    3. Page 765
      CO2 Abatement by the Combustion of H2-Rich Fuels in Gas Turbines
      By H. Audus and A.J.B. Jackson
    4. Page 771
      Techno-Economic Evaluation of Hybrid Systems for Hydrogen Production from Biomass and Natural Gas
      By N. Kassem
    5. Page 777
      An Eco-friendly Process for Natural Gas Conversion
      By S. Yao, A. Nakayama and E. Suzuki
    6. Page 781
      The Enhancement of Selectivity of Methanol in the Presence of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 in the Gas Phase Partial Oxidation of Methane
      By T. Takemoto, Y. Teng, D. He, A. Nakayama, K. Tabata and D.E. Suzuki
    7. Page 787
      Carbon Dioxide for H2 Production with the Reforming Process
      By P. Gronchi, P. Centola, A. Kaddouri and R. Del Rosso
  13. Page 793
    Energy Efficiency
    1. Page 795
      Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electricity Supply in Australia
      By H. Schaap and P. McMullan
    2. Page 803
      The Impact of Cogeneration in a Given Energetic Context
      By K.R. Voorspools and W.D. O’Haeseleer
    3. Page 809
      The Preliminary Assessment of Novel Power Generation Options Aimed at CO2 Abatement
      By H. Audus T. DENNISH
    4. Page 815
      Modern IGCC Stations as Righ-Effective Means for CO2 Reduction
      By G. Haupt, G. Zimmermann, R. Pruschek, G. Oeljeklaus and N. Ullrich
    5. Page 821
      Concept for CO2 -Reduced Decentralised Combined Heat and Power Generation Unit for Biomass Gasification
      By I. Romey, M. Adami and J. Wartmann
    6. Page 827
      Transportation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Meeting Conflicting Objectives
      By M.W Clegg
    7. Page 833
      Logic and Logistics of Control of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Through Demand Side Energy Efficiency Indian Scenario
      By S. Kumar
    8. Page 839
      Recent Advances in Wind Energy Resource Assessment
      By P.A. Coppin, K.W. Ayotte, N. Steggel, P.J. Hurley and M. Azzi
    9. Page 845
      Offshore Wind Farms and a Green Certificate Market
      By P.E. Morthorst
    10. Page 851
      Comparison of CO2 Abatement by use of Renewable Energy and CO2 Capture and Storage
      By J. Davison
    11. Page 857
      The Case for Renewable Energy: Levelised Electricity Costs Under Alternative Abatement Scenarios
      By C. Windram and S. Dix
    12. Page 863
      CSIRO’s Advanced Power Generation Technology Using Solar Thermal – Fossil Energy Hybrid
      By J.H. Edwards, G.J. Duffy, R. Benito, K. T. Do, N. Dave, R. McNaughton and S.P.S. Badwal
    13. Page 869
      Contribution from Renewable Energy to Greenhouse Gas Reductions in The United Kingdom
      By G. Bevan
    14. Page 874
      Electricity Delivery via SolarTechnologies: Environmental and Financial Implications in the South African Case
      By N. Wamukonya
    15. Page 880
      Multi-Megawatt 24 hour Solar Power
      By K. Lovegrove, A. Luzzi, H. Kreetz and P. Kohlenbach
    16. Page 886
      Synthesis of Hydrocarbons from Bio-Syngas
      By K.-W Lee, K.-W. Jun, J.-S. Hwang, I. Riedel and G. Schaub
    17. Page 891
      Large Scale Power Generation and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Using Forestry By-Products
      By J. Gifford, G. Hooper, P. Hall, K. Senelwa, K. Robertson, N. McGimpsey and J. Davison
    18. Page 897
      The Role of the Clean Development Mechanism (COM) in Assuring Project Feasibility In Brazil – Case Study: The Alcohol Fuel Program and the Hybrid Photovoltaic-Diesel System in Amazonia
      By S.K. Ribeiro and M. I. Tolmasquim
  14. Page 903
    Life Cycle Assessments and Energy Modelling
    1. Page 905
      Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions with Enhanced Oil Recovery Projects – A Life Cycle Assessment Approach
      By A.-C. Aycaguer and M. Lev-On
    2. Page 911
      Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Exergetic Life Cycle Assessment (ELCA) of an Innovative Energy Cycle With Zero CO2 Emissions
      By D. Fiaschi, L. Lombardi and G. Manfrida
    3. Page 917
      Coal in a Sustainable Society: Stage I – LCA for Steel and Electricity Production in Australia
      By J.A. Nunn, L.J. Wibberley and P.H. Scaife
    4. Page 923
      Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (E-LCA) Applied to the Synthesis of Methanol and Dimethylcarbonate
      By M. Aresta, A. Caroppo, A. Dibenedetto and A. Magarelli
    5. Page 927
      Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Electric Power Generation in Brazil
      By F. da Rosa Carvalho and W. Bizzo
    6. Page 935
      Assessment of the Future Potentials of CO2 Sequestration Technologies with an Energy Infrastructure Model for Asia
      By Y. Horikawa, Y. Fujii and K. Yamaji
    7. Page 941
      Testing Options for a Biomass-Methanol Economy in Australia
      By B. Foran and D. Crane
    8. Page 947
      Integrated Assessment of Global Warming Mitigation Options Considering Cooling Effects of Sulphur Emissions
      By K. Akimoto, M. Murai, Y. Fujii, T. Sugiyama and Y. Kaya
    9. Page 953
      “DACES”: Database Clean Energy Systems 2050: A Tool to Assess Energy Systems on the Long Term
      By D.J. Treffers, A. Faaij, O. Van Hilten, J. de Beer and E. Lysen
  15. Page 959
    Economics
    1. Page 961
      The Economic Benefits of Carbon Capture and Sequestration R&D Under Uncertainty
      By D. Beecy, V. Kuuskraa and P. Dipietro
    2. Page 967
      Costs of Carbon Dioxide Removal by Underground Storage
      By C.A. Hendriks, A.F.B. Wildenborg, K. Blok, F. Floris and J.D. van Wees
    3. Page 973
      Economic Modelling of CO2 Capture and Sequestration
      By S. Biggs, H. Herzog, J. Reilly and H. Jacoby
    4. Page 979
      The Economics of CO2 Sequestration in Australia
      By G. Allinson and V. Nguyen
    5. Page 985
      The Cost of Carbon Capture
      By J. David and H. Herzog
    6. Page 991
      Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Costs of Alternative Swiss Energy Supply Strategies
      By U. Gantner, M. Jakob and S. Hirschberg
    7. Page 997
      The Energy-CO2-Economy Connection: A Review ofTrends and Challenges
      By J. Darmstadter
    8. Page 1003
      Techno-Economic Comparison of Different Options of Very Low CO2 Emission Technologies
      By S. Houyou, P. Mathieu and R. Nihart
    9. Page 1009
      Carbon Dioxide Disposal: An Economic Viable Option?
      By H.C.E. Schreurs
  16. Page 1011
    Policy: International and National
    1. Page 1013
      Domestic Policies and Measures in IEA Countries to Meet Climate Change Goals
      By H.-J. Koch
    2. Page 1020
      Greenhouse Gas Key Performance Indicators for Australian Coal Mines
      By R. Mark and R. Worrall
    3. Page 1026
      A Report on the EMF 19 Study on Technology and Global Climate Change Policies
      By D. Beecy, R. Richels and J. Weyant
    4. Page 1032
      Greenhouse Mitigation Scenarios
      By B. Sørensen
    5. Page 1038
      The IEA’s Collaborative Programme on EnergyTechnology Developing a Bridge to a Low-Carbon Future
      By H.-J. Koch, H.-J. Neef, I. Walker and K. Nakamura
    6. Page 1044
      Overview of the U.S. Carbon Sequestration Program
      By C. Schmidt and D. Beecy
    7. Page 1050
      A Review of Carbon Sequestration Science and Technology Opportunities by the U.S. Department of Energy
      By D.E. Reichle, J.C. Houghton and R.L. Kane
    8. Page 1056
      Canada’s National Initiative on CO2 Capture and Storage
      By J. Legg, M. McDonald and M. Wilson
    9. Page 1062
      China’s Carbon Stocks and the Future Perspective of International Cooperation on the COM
      By Y. Yang
    10. Page 1068
      The Norwegian CO2-Infrastructure Initiative: A Feasibility Study
      By C.-W. Hustad
    11. Page 1074
      New Technology to Control Climate Change – The Finnish National Technology Development Programme (Climtech)
      By I. Savolainen, S.Tuhkanen, R. Pipatti, M. Kara, M. Äijälä and S. Salo-Asikainen
    12. Page 1080
      Sustainable Energy Systems on the Long Term; Two Visions on the Dutch Energy System
      By A. Faaij, D.J. Treffers, S. Bos, J. Spakman and R. Folkert
    13. Page 1086
      The Clean Development Mechanism and the Markets for New Technologies: The Case of China
      By J. Buen and K. Tangen
    14. Page 1092
      Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions in Bangladesh: Evolving scenarios
      By A. Salahuddin
    15. Page 1100
      Greenhouse G(u)estation: Developing Policy on Global Warming
      By A. Henderson-Sellers
    16. Page 1106
      Regional Context for Abatement of Greenhouse Gases
      By H. Siikavirta, A. Heikkinen and P. Järvinen
  17. Page 1113
    Policy: Trading and Accounting
    1. Page 1115
      Development of a System of CO2 Emissions Trading for Power Generation
      By C. Dekkers and A. Sholtz
    2. Page 1121
      CDM: Co-Ordination with the Other Kyoto Instruments. Key Issues and Options
      By M.A. Aslam
    3. Page 1127
      The Role of Carbon Capture, Sequestration and Emissions Trading in Achieving Short-term Carbon Emissions Reductions
      By J.J. Dooley, S.H. Kim and P.J. Runci
    4. Page 1133
      Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Trading (GERT) Pilot
      By H. Loseth, M. Wilson and W Bell
    5. Page 1139
      Greenhouse Gas Reduction – Inventories What Then?
      By H.E. O’Leary, M.A. Akhurst and P.R. Rutter
    6. Page 1145
      Worldwide Potential of Bio-Energy and Possibilites for Large Scale International Trade – Technical Analysis and Policy Aspects
      By A. Faaij, R. Van Den Broek, B.C.W Van Engelenburg and E. Lysen
    7. Page 1151
      Achieving Sustainable Development Through a Whole of Community Approach
      By F. Martin and A. Wiltshire
    8. Page 1157
      The Technology of Certification of Soil Carbon Sinks. Baseline Sampling – How Many and How Much
      By P.L. Larsen, N.D. Turvey and S.C. Grocott
    9. Page 1163
      Integrating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Management with Business Planning
      By A. Lee
  18. Page 1169
    Social and Community Issues
    1. Page 1171
      Technology Assessment in Climate Change Mitigation
      By J. Shinn, H. Kheshgi, J. Grant and L. Bernstein
    2. Page 1177
      Methods for Technology Transfer on Climate Change
      By M. Kurushima
    3. Page 1180
      Which Role for Nuclear Power in the Battle Against Global Warming? The French Perspective
      By P. Jean-Baptiste and R. Ducroux
    4. Page 1186
      Are We Getting Our Money’s Worth? The Cost-Effectiveness of Australia’s Domestic Climate Change Policy
      By C. Windram
    5. Page 1192
      Geoengineering and Carbon Management: Is there a Meaningful Distinction?
      By D.W. Keith
    6. Page 1198
      Reducing CO2 Emissions from Australia’s Electricity Sector
      By D.J. Williams, P. Graham, S. Sharma, J. Cheng and B. Foran
    7. Page 1203
      Demand Side Acceptance of Energy Reduction Options – A Household Perspective on Behavioural Change
      By D. Uitdenbogerd
  19. Page 1209
    Reducing Emissions from Industry and Power Generation
    1. Page 1211
      Greenhouse Gas Abatement in Energy Intensive Industries
      By J. Gale and P. Freund
    2. Page 1217
      Development of Consistent Methodology for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Petroleum Industry Facilities and Operations
      By M. Lev-On, K. Ritter and W. Retzsch
    3. Page 1222
      A New Process for Ammonia Production with Reduced CO2 Emission and Co-Product Carbon Production
      By M. Steinberg
    4. Page 1230
      Innovations in the Chemical Industry and Their Importance for Emission Reduction and Energy Savings
      By P. Radgen and M. Patel
    5. Page 1236
      The Effect of New Solid Waste Treatment Systems on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
      By S. Tuhkanen, R. Pipatti, K. Sipilä and T. Mäkinen
    6. Page 1242
      The Australian Cement Industry: A Concrete Solution in the Reduction of GHG Emissions
      By J. Tilley and P. Klose
    7. Page 1248
      Hydraulic Cements of the Future – Their Potential Effects on the Abatement of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
      By R.A. Durie and A. Samarin
    8. Page 1253
      Potential and Cost-Effectiveness of CO2 -Reducing Measures in the Pulp and Paper Industry
      By K. Möllersten, M. Westermark and J. Yan
    9. Page 1259
      The Blue Sky Program in the Oil and Gas Industries: A Case Study in Pertamina – Indonesia
      By D. Suwasono and Y. Sulasmi
    10. Page 1265
      FBC Technology as Renewable Source of Energy Generates Cost-Effective and Eco-Friendly Power Supply Using Washery Rejects for Improved Production and Productivity in Indian Coal Mines 1265
      By R. Prasad, D.D. Misra and A.K. Dube
    11. Page 1271
      Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Spontaneous Combustion and Low Temperature Oxidation in Open Cut Coal Mining
      By J.N. Carras, S. Day, A. Saghafi and D.J. Williams
    12. Page 1277
      CO2 Reduction by Using Biomass from the Pulp Industry – System Simulation for Cogeneration of Methanol, Power and Heat
      By A. Isaksson, V. Martin and J. Yan
    13. Page 1283
      Repowering to Improve the Efficiency of Lignite Fired Boiler Plant
      By M.J. McIntosh
    14. Page 1289
      Power Production With Zero Atmospheric Emissions
      By J.R. Smith, T. Surles, B. Marais, H. Brandt and F. Viteri
    15. Page 1295
      Review over Recent Norwegian Studies Regarding Cost of Low CO2 – Emission Power Plant Technology
      By C.-W. Hustad
    16. Page 1301
      Analysis of Reburn Technology Using Results from CFD, Detailed Chemical Kinetic Scheme and Experimental Work
      By L.M.R. Coelho, L. Bigotta, J.L.T. Azevedo, T. Faravelli and G. Hesselmann
    17. Page 1307
      Underground Coal Gasification as a Method for Reducing the Greenhouse Impact of Coal Utilisation
      By A.C. Beath, M. Wendt and C. Mallett
    18. Page 1313
      CO2-Emission-Reduction and Costs of Avoidance by Different Strategies of Substitution of Coal-Fired Power Stations in the European Union
      By C. Falke
    19. Page 1319
      Reducing CO2 Emissions from Existing Power Stations
      By P. Willson, S. Mould and J. Davidson
  20. Page 1346
    Index of Authors

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